<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.3" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2004.082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2004.082</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Design and Development of a Low-Cost Malaysian Charge Controller for Commercial Standalone Photovoltaic Power Systems</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Shaari</surname><given-names>Sulaiman</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>Anuar</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Hamidun</surname><given-names>Faizul Haizal</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">CADEM Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2004</year></pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-1-995850-06-1</isbn>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>6</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2004.082"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>28 June 2004</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2004 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>A photovoltaic system consists of an array of solar cells in addition to a number of other system components. Since the PV modules do not generate electricity during the night time, the most obvious solution is to store the daytime energy generation so that it can be tapped whenever needed. This can be achieved by using storage batteries that are often integrated into the system. However a management system/unit is needed to achieve an optimum balance between the three, vis-à-vis the solar generator, the battery and the load. This management unit often comes in the form of a charge controller: which acts like a brain of the system. Besides controlling the charging and discharging of the battery, which also protects them, the functions of the controller include switching loads, monitoring system performance and give warnings when the system is not working properly. This paper presents a charge controller that is indigenously designed, fabricated and tested under Malaysian climate. The paper presents and discusses the principles, circuit design and results from field testing of the controller. The controller presented in this paper is based on a simple ON-OFF concept, while offers monitoring capabilities, often absent in many commercial controllers.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>photovoltaic (PV) system</kwd>
        <kwd>balance of system (BOS)</kwd>
        <kwd>charge controller</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoring system</kwd>
        <kwd>inverse and direct acting controller</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>28 to 30 June 2004</conf-date>
        <conf-name>3rd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2004</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>3</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Nottingham, United Kingdom</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
  </body>
  <back>
  </back>
</article>
