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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2012.013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2012.013</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Optimal Dimensioning of Low-Energy District Heating Networks with Operational Planning - Case Study for Existing Buildings</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Tol</surname><given-names>Hakan İbrahim</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Svendsen</surname><given-names>Svend</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Denmark</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2012</year></pub-date>
      <volume>11</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-1-995850-02-3</isbn>
      <fpage>113</fpage>
      <lpage>122</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2012.013"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>2 September 2012</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2012 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Low-temperature operation in low-energy District Heating (DH) systems is rewarding for increased exploitation of low-temperature renewable energy sources, heightened efficiency at heat extraction, and intensified energy efficiency at heat distribution. Success of heat delivery in low-temperature operation such as 55 °C in terms of supply and 25 °C in terms of return was achieved through real cases located at Lystrup in Denmark, and “Greenwatt Way” project located at Scotland in UK as demonstration of low-energy DH systems being considered to supply heat to new houses with low-energy class. In our former study the performance of in-house heating systems was investigated for changing levels of supply temperature with consideration given both to current high-heat demand and future low-heat demand value of an existing settlement. The over-dimensions obtained at in-house heating systems originally in design stage resulted in satisfaction of heat demand of the house in low temperature operation. In this paper the operational planning of the low-energy DH systems was investigated to reduce the dimensions of the distribution network with consideration given both to current high-heat and future low-heat demand situations. The operational planning was based on boosting (increasing) the supply temperature at peak-demand situations which occur rarely over a year period. Hence optimal pipe dimensions of low-energy DH systems were investigated based on the dynamic response of in-house heating systems with changing supply temperatures ranging between 55 – 95 °C. The boosting level of supply temperature was considered to be determined separately for current high and future low heat demand scenarios. As a conclusion it was found that 40% reduction in the pipe investment cost could be reached by use of operational planning in comparison to DH network dimensioned according to high heat demand situation.</p></abstract>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>2 to 5 September 2012</conf-date>
        <conf-name>11th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2012</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>11</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Vancouver, Canada</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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