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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2012.193</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2012.193</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Acoustic Energy Output and Synchronization of Standing-Wave TA (Thermoacoustic) Lasers</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Sang Woong</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Seung Jin</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Kuan</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Nam Jin</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Chun</surname><given-names>Wongee</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Department of Nuclear and Energy Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2012</year></pub-date>
      <volume>11</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-1-995850-02-3</isbn>
      <fpage>1823</fpage>
      <lpage>1828</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2012.193"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>2 September 2012</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2012 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>TA (Thermoacoustic) lasers were constructed, tested, and characterized for the generation and manipulation of high-amplitude and high-frequency acoustic thermal waves. Pyrex glass tubes with one open end and stacks made of ceramics widely used in automobile catalytic converters were employed to generate TA lasers. Temperature gradients are created across the stack heated by a thin NiCr(nichrome) resistance wire at one end, and cooled at the other end by radiation and heat losses to the ambient air by natural convection. The acoustic waves (TA lasers) were generated for different power input rates, various lengths of glass tubes, stack positions and laser arrangements. For a resonance tube of 100mm, the highest frequency of 914Hz was observed with SPL of 90dB and the power input of 35W. By increasing its length to 200mm, however, there was a decrease in its frequency to 500Hz with maximum SPLs of 112.8 dB for 30mm in ID. Two TA lasers were acoustically coupled through the air mass between their openings when the openings of the two lasers were very close to each other and a phase difference fixed at nearly 180°, generating a much lower sound energy level at the focusing point. When the separation distance between the two lasers exceeded a certain value, synchronization of a TA laser pair could not be achieved.</p></abstract>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>2 to 5 September 2012</conf-date>
        <conf-name>11th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2012</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>11</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Vancouver, Canada</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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