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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2014.009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2014.009</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Effects of Hybridization of Biodiesel on the Fuel quality and performance of Moringa and Jatropha feedstocks and Hybrids</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
        <name><surname>Eloka-Eboka</surname><given-names>A.C.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>fatherfounder@yahoo.com</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Inambao</surname><given-names>F.L</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban, Republic of South Africa</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date>
      <volume>13</volume>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-1-995850-01-6</isbn>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>10</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2014.009"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>25 August 2014</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2014 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>The search for improvement in the development of biomass and biofuels as renewable energy sources have continued within the last decades. Biodiesel fuels from different crude vegetable oils have been explored and evaluated as sustainable and unsustainable fuels energy. The fuel properties of these feedstocks vary from sources, physico-chemical configuration and biological compositions and so with processes like hybridization, these properties may be improved. In this study, two selected feedstocks, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seed oils and their methyl esters (biodiesel) were subjected to different hybridization process at varying proportions experimentally. The hybrid compositions were J50M50, J40M10, J30M20, J20M30, and J10M40 from crude oil samples (in situ) and: BM50J50, BM40J10, BM30J20, BM20J30 and BM10J40 from produced biodiesel by transesterification (ex situ) using production variables and optimization sequences. The effects of hybrids were evaluated for chemo-physical and thermal properties using ASTM and SABS standards for each specific test(s). Results obtained revealed the efficacy of hybridization in improving specific biodiesel properties as fuels. Specific tests which include viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, cetane index, fatty acid composition, free and total glycerine (FG and TG)), free fatty acid FFA) composition, flash point, pour and cloud points and calorific values were all evaluated. These were all higher and better than the single stock biodiesel fuels. Moringa oleifera biodiesel which has proved itself an excellent biodiesel fuel in our previous studies having high oleic acid content (&gt; 70%) impacted positively on Jatropha in enhancing its potential with positive correlation at a 95% confidence level (α &gt; 0.05) and on analysis of variation (ANOVA) for the three important biodiesel properties (FG, TG and FFA), there was no significant difference with ASTM standards at 5% level of significance (p ≤ 2.77and p ≤ 0.99). The effects of hybridization, a new approach in biodiesel development on specific parameters provided useful information and better fuel quality and possible low emission and environmental advantage. Hybridization of biodiesel feedstocks and their varying effects may be advanced to other feedstocks.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>effects</kwd>
        <kwd>hybridisation</kwd>
        <kwd>biodiesel</kwd>
        <kwd>fuel quality</kwd>
        <kwd>performance</kwd>
        <kwd>Moringa</kwd>
        <kwd>Jatropha</kwd>
        <kwd>seed oil</kwd>
        <kwd>hybrids</kwd>
        <kwd>feedstock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>25 to 28 August 2014</conf-date>
        <conf-name>13th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2014</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>13</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Geneva, Switzerland</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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