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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2014.064</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2014.064</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Heat transfer analysis of underground thermal energy storage in shallow trenches filled with phase change materials</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
        <name><surname>Bortoloni</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        <email>marco.bortoloni@unife.it</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Bottarelli</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Yuehong</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, 44122, Ferrara, Italy</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, Italy</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date>
      <volume>13</volume>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-1-995850-01-6</isbn>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>9</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2014.064"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>25 August 2014</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2014 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>The using of a horizontal ground heat exchanger may represent an reliable and efficient option for shallow ground-source thermal applications. This study presents the thermal performance analysis of a drainage trench used as ground heat exchanger (GHE) coupled with underground thermal energy storage (UTES). The trench is dug in shallow soil and filled with encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) as granular filler. Two PCMs with different melting points are supposed to operate in summer and winter. Fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media are solved via a 2D finite element model to perform a yearly simulation under hourly-scale boundary conditions. The equivalent heat capacity approach is applied to consider the latent heat of the PCMs. The results show a significant capacity of the trench to smooth thermal waves produced by the heat pump. The effect of the PCMs is analysed by comparing with the corresponding case using coarse gravel as filling material instead PCMs. The case without PCMs still shows good performance, but PCMs offers the advantages of a seasonal UTES and smoothing thermal wave as well. The proposed solution can be therefore considered as an advanced alternative to other widespread common GHEs.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>(Phase change materials</kwd>
        <kwd>Porous media</kwd>
        <kwd>Numerical simulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Ground heat exchanger</kwd>
        <kwd>Underground energy storage)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>25 to 28 August 2014</conf-date>
        <conf-name>13th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2014</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>13</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Geneva, Switzerland</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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