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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2015.018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2015.018</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Performance and emission profile of micro-algal biodiesel in compression ignition engine</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Eloka-Eboka</surname><given-names>Andrew C.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>fatherfounder@yahoo.com</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Bakare</surname><given-names>Babatunde F.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Onunka</surname><given-names>Chiemela</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Faculty of Engineering, Centre for Renewable Energy Research and Waste Management Research Niche Areas, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-0-85358-313-4</isbn>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>203</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2015.018"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>6 July 2016</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2015 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Micro-algae are a large and diverse group of simple typically autotrophic organisms which have the potential to produce greater amounts of non-polar lipids and biomass than most terrestrial biodiesel feedstocks. Having emerged as one of the most promising sources for biodiesel production. They are gaining research interests in the current energy scenario due to their phenomenal growth potential (&lt; 21 days log phase) in addition to relatively high lipids production which are also excellent source of biodiesel. In this study, engine performance and emission profile was performed using biodiesel fuels and blends from micro-algal technology in a compression ignition engine. The technology of micro-algae involved open pond cultivation and the use of photo-bioreactor model BF-115 Bioflo/celli Gen made in the US of 14 litre capacity (200 Lux light intensity) and flowrate of 2.5L/min. The micro-algal species used were Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp. The biodiesel produced were blended with conventional diesel (AGO) at different proportions. The performance parameters evaluated include: engine power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, thermal gravimetry, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures and lubricity while the varying effects of emission pollutants during combustion were also studied. Results showed that viscosity, density and lubricity have significant effects on engine output power and torque than when throttled with AGO which was used as control. Combustion efficiency and emission profile were better than the AGO due to the oxygenated nature of the micro-algal biodiesel which brought about complete combustion. A striking deduction arrived is that oxygen content of the algal biodiesel had direct influence on smoke opacity and emissions in the engine and also thermo-gravimetrically stable for other thermal applications. The engine tests (BSFC, BTE, ThE, MechE, EGT) and overall emissions (CO2, CO, VOCs, HC, SOx, NOx) were within acceptable limits and comparable with AGO. The implication of the study is that Micro-algal technology is feasible and can revolutionise development in biodiesel industry.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>emission profile</kwd>
        <kwd>microalgal technology</kwd>
        <kwd>biodiesel</kwd>
        <kwd>compression ignition engine</kwd>
        <kwd>open pond cultivation</kwd>
        <kwd>photobioreactor</kwd>
        <kwd>performance. hybridization</kwd>
        <kwd>in situ</kwd>
        <kwd>ex situ</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>25 to 27 August 2015</conf-date>
        <conf-name>14th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2015</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>14</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Nottingham, United Kingdom</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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