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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2015.057</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2015.057</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Application of biochar arising from gasification to rehabilitate soil of tropical secondary forest on degraded land</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Hanyu</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Kzoh</surname><given-names>Shun Kai</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>Wei Cheng</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>Reuben C. J.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Hugh T. W.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>Yen Wah</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Dai</surname><given-names>Yanjun</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Chong</surname><given-names>Clive</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Chi-Hwa</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543</aff>
      <aff id="aff4">School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, #800 Dongchuan Rood, Shanghai, China 200240</aff>
      <aff id="aff5">Bioplas Energy (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, 9 Tuas South Street 15, Singapore 637077</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-0-85358-313-4</isbn>
      <fpage>583</fpage>
      <lpage>586</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2015.057"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>6 July 2016</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2015 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Biochar arising from gasification is porous (surface area 77.2m2/g), alkaline (pH 9.0), rich in nitrogen (12100ppm), phosphorus (873.4ppm), potassium (4833.3ppm) and low in its carbon to nitrogen ratio (8:1), indicating its potential use as an amendment to the soil of adinandra belukar, a form of secondary forest on degraded land. Such soil is highly compacted (surface area 4.0m2/g), acidic (pH 4.0), poor in nitrogen (1120ppm), phosphorus (3.2ppm), potassium (29.9ppm) and high in its carbon to nitrogen ratio (14:1). In this study, the forest soil was mixed with biochar at 33.3, 50.0 and 66.7% by weight, and subsequently used to cultivate water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). After 8 weeks of cultivation, water spinach grown in the forest soil mixed with 33.3% biochar grew the tallest (193.8mm, 4 times that of pure soil), had the heaviest stem dry weight (0.483g, 10 times that of pure soil) and the largest leaf surface area (100.6cm2, 30 times that of pure soil). Compared to commercially available water spinach, it had almost the same height, heavier stem dry weight and more leaf surface area, indicating the possibility of biochar to be used as an amendment to adinandra belukar soil.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Biochar</kwd>
        <kwd>Gasification</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Forest</kwd>
        <kwd>Degraded Land</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidic Soil</kwd>
        <kwd>Water Spinach</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>25 to 27 August 2015</conf-date>
        <conf-name>14th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2015</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>14</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Nottingham, United Kingdom</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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