In order to meet the ever-increasing rural living conditions, the new era put forward higher requirements for the green and ecological development of Guanzhong rural dwellings. However, most of the rural dwellings failed to make proper use of the traditional and nowadays green technology, there are widespread problems such as large energy consumption, irrational housing layout, poor thermal insulation, poor lighting and ventilation in rural dwellings. By using the methods of quantitative analysis, this paper tests and analyses the indoor thermal environment and energy consumption of two typical dwellings, traditional dwelling and new dwelling, in winter and summer, at Zhaoxian village of Fuping County in Shaanxi and then the appropriate measures for ecological improvement are put forward. It can be found that the indoor thermal environment of two kinds of dwellings is generally cold in winter and hot in summer. For the purpose of improving indoor thermal environment, a reasonable layout should be adopted to facilitate the ventilation and lighting. Change the structure of the enclosure, such as multi-layer wall, to improve the insulation performance of walls. The doors and windows with high thermal resistance and better sealing are chosen in order to reduce the cold air infiltration in winter. The rational use of local solar energy resources, for instance, the attached sunspace and heat storage wall, to improve the indoor comfort. Finally, the article simulates the energy consumption of dwellings under typical climate conditions through BIM software, and explores the feasibility and effectiveness of the improvement measures and low energy building design methods, so as to provide reference for the development of low energy consumption and high-quality development of rural residential buildings.