This article divides Guanzhong rural dwellings into three categories according to different construction systems: traditional dwellings, self-built dwellings and new dwellings, and then selects three types of typical dwellings for testing which are located in Lingquan village, Heyang County, Shaanxi Province and Dongfan community, Gaoling District, Xi'an. By means of quantitative analysis, the indoor thermal environment and energy consumption of three types of dwellings in winter and summer are comparatively analyzed, and then the corresponding measures and solutions are put forward. On the basis of the test data analysis and thermal environment evaluation index calculation, it is found that the indoor thermal environment of the three types of dwellings is generally in the circumstances of colder in winter and hotter in summer, and it has produced higher energy consumption for improving the indoor thermal environment. Overall, the construction system and its material structure determine the thermal insulation performance of dwellings. The construction of rural dwellings should adopt appropriate insulation materials and enclosure structures, such as hollow brick, earthen wall and other heavy insulation structure. By improving the indoor thermal environment and reducing energy consumption, the paper proposes corresponding solutions for different construction systems, so as to provide reference for the ecological construction of rural dwellings.