In the past ten years, China’s economy has grown steadily. Due to historical development factors, management systems, and technical conditions, the economic development model still suffers from high energy consumption, high emissions, and high pollution. China's resources and environmental pressures continue to increase. In the context of sustainable development, how to coordinate the relations among economic development, resource consumption and environmental protection, reduce resource consumption and pollution emissions, and increase economic output are an important issue for China's current development. We measure the eco-efficiency of cities in three provinces in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, expand and deform the random model of environmental impact, and discuss the temporal and spatial effects. Then we study the ecological efficiency and population, wealth, and human factors in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The relationship between. The research results show that the eco-efficiency of urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River increases year by year, and the eco-efficiency of some cities in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River varies greatly, and there are significant spatial correlations and dependencies; the level of education based on the number of colleges and universities is positively correlated with ecological efficiency. The improvement of the level will increase people's awareness of environmental protection and conservation, thereby reducing pollution emissions and resource consumption, and the ecological efficiency will be further improved. By exploring the impact of population, economic and human factors on ecological efficiency, we hope to provide reference policy suggestions for urban planning, economic development and environmental protection in China.