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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2019.067</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2019.067</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>A low energy thermally driven seawater desalination by direct spray method: An Experimental Study</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Alrowais</surname><given-names>Raid</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>raid.alrowais@kaust.edu.sa</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Burhan</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>Muhammad.burhan@kaust.edu.sa</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Shahzad</surname><given-names>Muhammad Wakil</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>Muhammad.shahzad@kaust.edu.sa</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Ybyraiymkul</surname><given-names>Doskhan</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>Doskhan.ybyraiymkul@kaust.edu.sa</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>Kim Choon</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>kimchoon.ng@kaust.edu.sa</email>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></pub-date>
      <volume>18</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-0-85358-331-8</isbn>
      <fpage>86</fpage>
      <lpage>92</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2019.067"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>10 February 2020</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2019 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Thermal desalination processes, such as the multi-stage flashing (MSF) and the multi-effect distillation (MED), played a dominant role in seawater desalination within GCC countries, due to its high efficiency, low maintenance and ability to operate in higher silt and salt concentrations However, these desalination plants are prone to having high capital cost at &gt;US$2000 per m3, almost two-fold higher than the membrane-based plants. The authors proposed a tubeless direct-spray of seawater into an empty chamber of saturated states where the excess enthalpy, between the differential pressures and temperatures of feed to those in the flashed chamber, is allowed to flash into vapour under low vacuum. Being devoid of tube-based heat transfer resistances, the initial CAPEX will be much lower, typically &lt;US$800 per m3. Moreover, it can handle feed of high salt concentration without the fear of scaling within the flashed vessel. To boost the flashing phenomenon, an injection of micro-vapour bubbles (MVB) was incorporated into the seawater feed prior to its injection via the nozzles. The MVB embedded feed has the potential to increase the flashed rates by two-fold due to the higher surface area of vapour bubbles at the point of flashing.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Direct spray seawater desalination</kwd>
        <kwd>micro-vapour bubbles enhancement</kwd>
        <kwd>thermally-driven desalination</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>20 to 22 August 2019</conf-date>
        <conf-name>18th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2019</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>18</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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