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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2022.022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2022.022</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Performance of a solar dryer with storage for drying apples continuously for 24 hours</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Mawire</surname><given-names>Ashmore</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>ashmore.mawire@nwu.ac.za</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Ramokali</surname><given-names>Masodi</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Mothupi</surname><given-names>Molebogeng</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Tegenaw</surname><given-names>Petros</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Vanierschot</surname><given-names>Maarten</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        <email>maarten.vanierschot@kuleuven.be</email>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">North-West University, Material Science, Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Department of Physics and Electronics, Mmabatho 2745, Mahikeng, South Africa</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Group T Leuven campus, Celestijnenlaan 300, B-3001 Heverlee</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date>
      <volume>19</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-0-85358-351-6</isbn>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2022.022"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>16 February 2023</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2022 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Post-harvest losses can significantly be reduced by drying fruit with solar dryers, thus increasing their shelf life. However, continuous 24-hour operation of solar dryers is not possible due to the lack of thermal energy storage (TES) for operation during non-sunshine periods. Therefore, a solar dryer with latent heat storage for drying apples in a continuous 24-hour cycle was evaluated experimentally in this work. The dryer used DC fans and a flat plate absorber to extract heat from the sun. Twenty aluminium capsules encapsulated with sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate as phase change material (PCM) were used as latent heat storage. The performance of the dryer was evaluated in terms of the temperature profiles and moisture ratios during 24-hour drying cycles with and without latent heat storage. Two average drying chamber airflow velocities of 0.10 m/s (low) and 0.30 m/s (high) were used in the experimental tests. The solar dryer with storage showed lower drying chamber temperatures during the initial solar drying periods compared to the solar dryer without storage due to the heat absorbed by melting of the PCM. On the other hand, the chamber temperatures were higher by up to 10°C after sunset for the solar dryer with storage. For the higher airflow velocity (0.30 m/s), the maximum temperature difference between the storage and the non-storage cases was around 5°C. Slightly lower final moisture ratios (20% min) were obtained with the solar dryer with storage compared to the solar dryer without storage (23% min) during the 24-hour solar drying period with the lower airflow velocity of 0.10 m/s. An increase in the drying chamber airflow velocity reduced the final moisture ratio in the drying chamber for both cases.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>24-hour cycle</kwd>
        <kwd>apples</kwd>
        <kwd>experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>solar dryer</kwd>
        <kwd>thermal energy storage</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>16 to 18 August 2022</conf-date>
        <conf-name>19th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2022</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>19</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Istanbul, Turkiye</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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