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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>SET Proceedings</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2978-4387</issn>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Caravel Press</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65582/set.2023.076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2023.076</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Storage and distribution warehouses: a neglected building type in natural ventilation design</article-title></title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Pelletier</surname><given-names>Kate</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>laykp4@nottingham.ac.uk</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>christopher.wood@nottingham.ac.uk</email>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name><surname>Calautit</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        <email>john.calautit1@nottingham.ac.uk</email>
      </contrib>
      <aff id="aff1">University of Nottingham, Department of Architecture and Built Environment</aff>
    </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date>
      <volume>20</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <isbn publication-format="electronic">978-0-85358-357-8</isbn>
      <fpage>227</fpage>
      <lpage>235</lpage>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://caravelpress.com/proceedings/set/papers/2023.076"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><string-date>15 December 2023</string-date></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2023 Copyright WSSET</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Covid-19 and Brexit accelerated the move to an e-commerce economy in the UK. The issue with this is that for every 1 billion pounds spent online, a further 750,000 square feet of warehouse space is required. Just one average-sized warehouse today consumes as much electricity as 400 British households. The energy consumption of the fast-growing warehouse sector poses a mammoth problem, made worse by outdated building regulation, and a lack of understanding of how these buildings perform. It is widely understood amongst building engineers that the primary solution to reducing energy consumption of any building is to incorporate a level of natural ventilation, meaning little to no use of fans and therefore eradicating the associated electricity consumption. Warehouses represent a neglected building type in ventilation design guidance and regulation as using benchmarks for required fresh air person does not serve such a space with a large volume compared to number of occupants. This paper looks at one of the primary driving forces of ventilation, wind, and how a typical storage and distribution warehouse performs under different wind speeds and wind angles. Using lab-scale wind tunnel data to verify a computational fluid dynamics model of a case study warehouse, the results close the gap in understanding of whether cross-ventilation is a viable strategy for large, shed buildings. The results indicate that positioning inlet and outlet ventilation openings on opposite facades across the length of a standard-shaped warehouse can provide a consistent level of ventilation not just for fresh air purposes, but also to tackle the key issues of stratification in tall spaces and pressure-balancing with the frequently open large rolling bay doors. The future of the built environment is ever-changing as society evolves, and the research in this paper can help inform new and improved building regulation for these unique, large spaces to highlight that ventilation design guidance in national and international standards is incomplete.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Warehouses</kwd>
        <kwd>cross-ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>wind tunnel</kwd>
        <kwd>computational fluid dynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>stratification</kwd>
        <kwd>energy consumption</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <conference>
        <conf-date>15 to 17 August 2023</conf-date>
        <conf-name>20th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies</conf-name>
        <conf-acronym>SET2023</conf-acronym>
        <conf-num>20</conf-num>
        <conf-loc>Nottingham, UK</conf-loc>
      </conference>
    </article-meta>
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