Drinking Water Purification Techniques and the Emerging Environmental Challenges

Abdul Salim, Nur Atikah; Xuan, Wilson Lee Hua; Asruzi, Nur Aina Farzana; Abdullah, Noorul Hudai; Sean, Nor Arbani; Supian, Nur Sumaiyyah; Mansur, Fatin Zafirah

doi:10.5334/rss.11

Research and Reviews in Sustainability

Volume 1, 2025, Article 2025.005

Review

Drinking Water Purification Techniques and the Emerging Environmental Challenges

, , , , , ,

¹School of Occupational Safety and Health, Netherlands Maritime University College, Johor Bahru, 80888 Ibrahim International Business District Johor, Johor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Civil Engineering, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

⁵Department of Energy & Environmental, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Published: 11 November 2025
Pages: 61-73
Received: 11 November 2025
DOI: 10.5334/rss.11
Access: Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 11 November 2025Pages 61-73doi.org/10.5334/rss.11

Received 11 Nov 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

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Abstract

Water is a fundamental resource vital to the survival and well-being of all living organisms. Ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water has been a central concern of human societies since the earliest civilizations. Over time, the methods and technologies for water treatment have evolved significantly, which reflects advances in science, engineering, and public health. Today, drinking water treatment systems serve as a cornerstone of modern infrastructure and are designed to remove contaminants and safeguard populations against waterborne diseases and environmental pollutants. This paper explores current treatment technologies—including chlorination, flocculation, filtration, biological filtration, adsorption, and emerging technologies and nanotechnology-based approaches—to highlight their effectiveness and limitations. It also examines challenges such as emerging pollutants, temperature fluctuations, toxic sludge generation, and climate change. The discussion underscores the urgent need for innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and robust regulatory frameworks to ensure access to safe and clean drinking water. Addressing these issues is critical in protecting public health and conserving water resources for future generations.

Keywords. Drinking Water Treatment; Public Health; Challenge; Emerging Pollutants; Future Perspective; Purification

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Drinking Water Purification Techniques and the Emerging Environmental Challenges

, , , , , ,

¹School of Occupational Safety and Health, Netherlands Maritime University College, Johor Bahru, 80888 Ibrahim International Business District Johor, Johor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Civil Engineering, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

⁵Department of Energy & Environmental, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Published

11 November 2025

Pages

61-73

Received

11 November 2025

DOI

10.5334/rss.11

Access

Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 11 November 2025Pages 61-73doi.org/10.5334/rss.11

Received 11 Nov 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

Abstract

Keywords. Drinking Water Treatment; Public Health; Challenge; Emerging Pollutants; Future Perspective; Purification

References

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Agudelo-Vera, C., Avvedimento, S., Boxall, J., Creaco, E., de Kater, H., Di Nardo, A., Djukic, A., Douterelo, I., Fish, K.E., Iglesias Rey, P.L., Jacimovic, N., Jacobs, H.E., Kapelan, Z., Martinez Solano, J., Montoya Pachongo, C., Piller, O., Quintiliani, C., Ručka, J., Tuhovčák, L. and Blokker, M. 2020. Drinking water temperature around the globe: Understanding, policies, challenges and opportunities. Water, 12(4): pp. 1049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041049
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Badawi, A.K., Salama, R.S. and Mostafa, M.M.M. 2023. Natural-based coagulants/flocculants as sustainable market-valued products for industrial wastewater treatment: a review of recent developments. RSC Advances, 13(28): pp. 19335–19355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra01999c
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Da’na, E. 2017. Adsorption of heavy metals on functionalized-mesoporous silica: A review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 247: 145–157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.03.050
Dragić, D., Drljača, D. and Zoric, S. 2024. Start-up of biofilter for nitrification and effect of filtration rate on the ammonium removal efficiency in drinking water treatment on pilot plant. Water Supply, 24(4): pp. 1207–1223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.038
Esteki, R., Ehrampoush, M.H., Nasab, H. and Ebrahimi, A. A. 2024. Investigating the improvement of the quality of industrial effluents for reuse with added processes: coagulation, flocculation, multi-layer filter and UV. Scientific reports, 14: pp. 3971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54310-7
Ghernaout, D. 2020. Water treatment coagulation: dares and trends. OALib, 07(08): pp. 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106636
Haris, M., Khan, M.W., Zavabeti, A., Mahmood, N. and Eshtiaghi, N. 2023. Self-assembly of C@FeO nanopillars on 2D-MOF for simultaneous removal of microplastic and dissolved contaminants from water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 455: pp. 140390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140390
Hu, Z., Wu, K., Wang, Z., Shah, K.J. and Sun, Y. 2024. Research progress of magnetic flocculation in water treatment. Magnetochemistry, 10(8): pp. 56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10080056
Hwang, C.-L., Ling, F., Andersen, G.L., LeChevallier, M.W. and Wen Tso Liu. 2012. Microbial Community dynamics of an urban drinking water distribution system subjected to phases of chloramination and chlorination treatments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(22): pp. 7856– 7865. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01892-12
Iqbal, H.H., Siddique, A., Qadir, A., Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Liess, M. and Shahid, N. 2024. Human health and ecology at risk: A case study of metal pollution in Lahore, Pakistan. Environmental Sciences Europe, 36(9): pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00824-2
Kesar, S. and Bhatti, M.S. 2022. Chlorination of secondary treated wastewater with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl): An effective single alternate to other disinfectants. Heliyon, 8(11): pp. e11162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11162
Kong, J., Lu, Y., Ren, Y., Chen, Z. and Chen, M. 2021. The virus removal in UV irradiation, ozonation and chlorination. Water Cycle, 2: pp. 23–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watcyc.2021.05.001
Kristanti, R.A. 2021. Rhizofiltration for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants in groundwater: A review. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 11(4): pp. 12326–12347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33263/briac114.1232612347
Kurniawan, S., Abdullah, S., Imron, M., Said, N., Ismail, N., Hasan, H., Othman, A. and Purwanti, I. 2020. Challenges and opportunities of biocoagulant/bioflocculant application for drinking water and wastewater treatment and its potential for sludge recovery. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24): pp. 9312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312
Maćczak, P., Kaczmarek, H. and Ziegler-Borowska, M. 2020. Recent achievements in polymer bio-based flocculants for water treatment. Materials, 13(18). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183951
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Drinking Water Purification Techniques and the Emerging Environmental Challenges

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Drinking Water Purification Techniques and the Emerging Environmental Challenges

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