Corrections and retractions

A published paper is a permanent record. It is never quietly edited, replaced or removed. Where something in it is wrong, the correction is itself published, is linked to the paper from both directions, and carries its own DOI, so that anyone who has the original also finds the correction.

1. Correction

   For an error that affects a part of the paper but not its conclusions. A typographical error in an equation, a mislabelled figure, a missing funder. The paper is amended, the amendment is described, and the date is recorded.

2. Expression of concern

   For a serious concern that has been raised but not yet resolved, where readers should be told while an investigation proceeds. It is withdrawn or replaced by a correction or retraction once the matter is settled.

3. Retraction

   For findings that are unreliable, whether through honest error or misconduct, and for plagiarism, redundant publication, unethical research, or unauthorised use of material. The paper remains available, clearly watermarked as retracted, with a retraction notice stating who retracted it and why.

4. Removal

   Used only where leaving the paper available would itself cause harm or break the law, for example defamation or a serious breach of privacy. The metadata and a note remain so the citation still resolves.

Which instrument applies is decided following the COPE retraction guidelines.

• The notice is published as its own item with its own the DOI system, and is free to read.
• The original paper links to the notice, and the notice links to the original paper.
• The change is deposited with Crossref, so every index and reference manager that reads Crossref learns of it.

Anyone may ask for a correction, including a reader who is not an author of the paper. Write to [email protected] with the paper DOI and what you believe is wrong. You will be told what has been decided and why.