Towards an electric revolution: a review on vehicle-to-grid, smart charging and user behaviour

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in their Special Report on Global warming, it is clear that there is a need of a rapid change in all aspects of society to achieve limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The transport sector alone is currently responsible for 20.5% of the global emissions. Therefore, the transport sector is exploring new technologies and business models to make a transition to electric vehicles. This paper presents a review of the last decade on vehicle-to-grid (V2G), the advantages and barriers of this technology and the support V2G can give for the transition to electric mobility. The future scenarios for vehicle-to-grid are discussed, including the application of user behaviour analyses, data management and real-world demonstrators such as EV-elocity. This paper highlights the relevance of adopting V2G to integrate different vectors of the transport system and the energy infrastructure to generate environmental, social and economic benefits.