Evaporative Cooling Technologies: From Past to Present

Cuce, Pinar Mert

doi:10.17184/eac.9493

Global Decarbonisation

Volume 1, 2025, Article 2025.006

Review

Evaporative Cooling Technologies: From Past to Present

¹Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Zihni Derin Campus, 53100, Rize, Turkey ; Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Sustainable Research Building, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK

Published: 20 June 2025
Pages: 1-40
Received: 20 June 2025
DOI: 10.17184/eac.9493
Access: Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 20 June 2025Pages 1-40doi.org/10.17184/eac.9493

Received 20 June 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

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Abstract

Evaporative cooling has served as a crucial method of passive thermal regulation across civilisations for millennia, evolving from rudimentary clay pot techniques to advanced hybrid cooling systems. This study presents a comprehensive historical and technical review of evaporative cooling technologies, highlighting their cultural, architectural, and scientific progression from ancient to contemporary times. Early implementations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley illustrate a foundational understanding of thermodynamic principles, using water and airflow to reduce ambient temperatures. The Roman Empire, Persian architecture with windcatchers, and medieval European designs all refined these methods, incorporating indirect and structural adaptations to maximise evaporative effects. During the industrial revolution, evaporative cooling technologies expanded into commercial and industrial applications, with innovations such as water-cooling towers and fan-assisted ventilation systems marking a transition towards mechanised systems. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the development of hybrid systems, solar-powered units, and desiccant-assisted cooling mechanisms has further diversified the scope and efficiency of evaporative cooling. These modern systems address energy efficiency and sustainability concerns, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates, offering cost-effective alternatives to conventional air conditioning. Despite challenges such as diminished performance in humid environments and water consumption, recent advances—including membrane technologies, closed-loop systems, and AI-driven optimisation—continue to enhance the adaptability and performance of evaporative cooling solutions. As global energy demands rise and environmental concerns escalate, evaporative cooling emerges as a sustainable and scalable technology, supporting climate-responsive architecture, agricultural storage, and industrial processes. This article underscores the enduring relevance of evaporative cooling and its potential to shape future thermal management strategies.

Keywords. Evaporative cooling; Passive cooling; Historical technologies; Sustainable cooling

References

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Mert Cuce, A. P. Innovative heating, cooling and ventilation technologies for low-carbon buildings (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2015). A comprehensive review of heat recovery systems for building applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 665-682.
Li, R.; Wang, W.; Shi, Y.; Wang, C. T.; Wang, P. (2024). Advanced material design and engineering for water‐based evaporative cooling. Advanced Materials, 36(12), 2209460.
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2024). A novel moist airflow heating system for low/zero carbon buildings: A numerical study. Sustainable and Clean Buildings, 23-41.
Cuce, P. M. (2017). Thermal performance assessment of a novel liquid desiccant-based evaporative cooling system: An experimental investigation. Energy and Buildings, 138, 88-95.
Cuce, P. M.; Cuce, E.; Riffat, S. (2024). Contemporary Evaporative Cooling System with Indirect Interaction in Construction Implementations: A Theoretical Exploration. Buildings, 14(4), 994.
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2016). A state of the art review of evaporative cooling systems for building applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1240-1249.
Anaç, M.; Cuce, P. M.; Cuce, E. (2024). Passive sustainability strategies in traditional Gaziantep residences: a critical report on historical development. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 19, 245-256.
Cuce, E.; Guclu, T.; Cuce, P. M. (2020). Improving thermal performance of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) through a nanofluid driven water to air heat exchanger design: An experimental research. Energy Conversion and Management, 214, 112893.
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Evaporative Cooling Technologies: From Past to Present

Published

20 June 2025

Pages

1-40

Received

20 June 2025

DOI

10.17184/eac.9493

Access

Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 20 June 2025Pages 1-40doi.org/10.17184/eac.9493

Received 20 June 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

Abstract

Keywords. Evaporative cooling; Passive cooling; Historical technologies; Sustainable cooling

References

Bahadori, Mehdi N. (2018). Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. In Renewable energy (p. Vol187-Vol1101). Routledge.
Nessim, M. A.; Elshabshiri, A.; Bassily, V.; Soliman, N.; Tarabieh, K.; Goubran, S. (2023). The rise and evolution of wind tower designs in Egypt and the middle east. Sustainability, 15(14), 10881.
Mert Cuce, A. P. Innovative heating, cooling and ventilation technologies for low-carbon buildings (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2015). A comprehensive review of heat recovery systems for building applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 665-682.
Li, R.; Wang, W.; Shi, Y.; Wang, C. T.; Wang, P. (2024). Advanced material design and engineering for water‐based evaporative cooling. Advanced Materials, 36(12), 2209460.
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2024). A novel moist airflow heating system for low/zero carbon buildings: A numerical study. Sustainable and Clean Buildings, 23-41.
Cuce, P. M. (2017). Thermal performance assessment of a novel liquid desiccant-based evaporative cooling system: An experimental investigation. Energy and Buildings, 138, 88-95.
Cuce, P. M.; Cuce, E.; Riffat, S. (2024). Contemporary Evaporative Cooling System with Indirect Interaction in Construction Implementations: A Theoretical Exploration. Buildings, 14(4), 994.
Cuce, P. M.; Riffat, S. (2016). A state of the art review of evaporative cooling systems for building applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1240-1249.
Anaç, M.; Cuce, P. M.; Cuce, E. (2024). Passive sustainability strategies in traditional Gaziantep residences: a critical report on historical development. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 19, 245-256.
Cuce, E.; Guclu, T.; Cuce, P. M. (2020). Improving thermal performance of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) through a nanofluid driven water to air heat exchanger design: An experimental research. Energy Conversion and Management, 214, 112893.
Sheik, M. A.; Aravindan, M. K.; Cuce, E.; Dasore, A.; Rajak, U.; Shaik, S.; Manokar, A.M.; Riffat, S. (2022). A comprehensive review on recent advancements in cooling of solar photovoltaic systems using phase change materials. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 17, 768-783.
Xue, T.; Wan, Y.; Huang, Z.; Chen, P.; Lin, J.; Chen, W.; Liu, H. (2023). A comprehensive review of the applications of hybrid evaporative cooling and solar energy source systems. Sustainability, 15(24), 16907.
Aboul Naga, M. M. (1990). Natural ventilation and cooling by evaporation in hot-arid climates (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds).
Musa, M. A. (2009). Novel evaporative cooling systems for building applications. PhD diss., University of Nottingham
Ford, B. (2001). Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice. ARQ: Architectural Research Quarterly, 5(3), 271-280.
Afsahhosseini, F. (2024). The impact of Iran’s urban heritage on sustainability, climate change and carbon zero. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-41.
Iqbal, S. (2017). Impact of Environment on Architecture of Mesopotamia with Respect to the Use of Materials, Tools and Mode of Construction. ARChive, vol. 1, No. 1, 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3055608.
Kenoyer, J. M. (2006). Indus Valley Civilization. Encyclopedia of India, 2, 258-266.
Badawy, A. (1958). Architectural provision against heat in the Orient. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 17(2), 122-128.
Herbert Schartmann (1997). Luftkühlung ohne Kältemaschine. Luftbefeuchtung in der Klimatechnik. IKZ-HAUSTECHNIK, Heft 19/1994 und Heft 21/1994.
Naved, M.; Andhare, A. M. (2017, December). Evaporative Cooling With Novel Devices: A Re- view. In International Conference on Advances in Thermal Systems, Materials and Design Engineering (ATSMDE2017).
Wheeler, G. (2025). Water Displays in Domestic Spaces across the Late Roman West: Cultivating Living Buildings. Oxbow Books.
Banham, R. (2022). Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment. University of Chicago Press.
Gantz, C. (2015). Refrigeration: a history. McFarland.
Fardeheb, F. (2008, July). Examination and review of passive solar cooling strategies in middle eastern and north african vernacular architecture. In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (vol. I–vol. V) Solar Energy and Human Settlement (p. 2511-2515). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Watt, J. R. (1986). History of evaporative cooling. In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook (p. 5- 11). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Cardinale, N.; Micucci, M.; Ruggiero, F. (2003). Analysis of energy saving using natural ventilation in a traditional Italian building. Energy and buildings, 35(2), 153-159.
Ghiabaklou, Z. (2010). Natural ventilation as a design strategy for energy saving. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 71, 315-319.
Ganjimorad, M.; Fernandez, J. D.; Heiranipour, M. (2024). Impact of wind in urban planning: A comparative study of cooling and natural ventilation systems in traditional Iranian architecture across three climatic zones. Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU, 29, 15-29.
Roaf, S. (1983). The windcatchers of the Middle East. Islamic architecture and urbanism. King Faisal University, Damman, 257-268.
Kassir, R. M. (2016). Passive downdraught evaporative cooling wind-towers: A case study using simulation with field-corroborated results. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 37(1), 103-120.
Chohan, A. H.; Awad, J. (2022). Wind catchers: an element of passive ventilation in hot, arid and humid regions, a comparative analysis of their design and function. Sustainability, 14(17), 11088.
A’zami, A. (2005, May). Badgir in traditional Iranian architecture. In International conference “Passive and low energy cooling for the built environment (p. 1021-1026).
Sarwar, N; Fotedar, S. This Ancient Technology Is Helping Millions Stay Cool. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/evaporative-cooling-devices-coolant-clay-matka-mitticool-india-heat-wave/
Sofia, E.; Putra, N. (2020, September). Evaporative cooling innovations-A review. In AIP Conference Proceedings (vol. 2255, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
Chiesa, G. (2016). Geo-climatic applicability of evaporative and ventilative cooling in China. Inter- national Journal of Ventilation, 15(3-4), 205-219.
Greentree C. The Moor in Our Midst: Inspiration From Africa. Pacific Horticulture. https://pacifich orticulture.org/articles/the-moor-in-our-midst-inspiration-from-africa/
Laurini, E.; De Vita, M.; De Berardinis, P.; Friedman, A. (2018). Passive ventilation for indoor comfort: A comparison of results from monitoring and simulation for a historical building in a temperate climate. Sustainability, 10(5), 1565.
Ferrucci, M.; Peron, F. (2018). Ancient use of Natural Geothermal Resources: Analysis of natural cooling of 16th century villas in Costozza (Italy) as a Reference for modern buildings. Sustainability, 10(12), 4340.
Siry, J. M. (2018). Air-Conditioning Comes to the Nation’s Capital, 1928–60. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 77(4), 448-472.
Domínguez-Castro, F.; de Miguel, J. C.; Vaquero, J. M.; Gallego, M. C.; García-Herrera, R. (2014). Climatic potential of Islamic chronicles in Iberia: Extreme droughts (AD 711–1010). The Holocene, 24(3), 370-374.
Nemali, K. (2022). History of controlled environment horticulture: Greenhouses. HortScience, 57(2), 239-246.
Klots, C. E. (1985). Evaporative cooling. The Journal of chemical physics, 83(11), 5854-5860.
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Evaporative Cooling Technologies: From Past to Present

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Evaporative Cooling Technologies: From Past to Present

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