Controllable Supercooling in Phase Change Materials-Advances in Triggering Methods, Lab-Scale Investigations, and Prototype Demonstrations

Jarimi, Hasila; Aydin, Devrim; Su, Yuehong; Riffat, Saffa

doi:10.17184/eac.9501

Global Decarbonisation

Volume 1, 2025, Article 2025.005

Review

Controllable Supercooling in Phase Change Materials-Advances in Triggering Methods, Lab-Scale Investigations, and Prototype Demonstrations

, , ,

¹Department of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

Published: 25 July 2025
Pages: 1-25
Received: 25 July 2025
DOI: 10.17184/eac.9501
Access: Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 25 July 2025Pages 1-25doi.org/10.17184/eac.9501

Received 25 July 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

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Abstract

Supercooled Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer significant advantages for thermal energy storage by enabling latent heat retention over extended periods with minimal loss. However, controlling crystallization in supercooled states remains a critical challenge for practical applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of lab-scale experimental studies on controllable supercooling in PCMs, categorized by triggering methods such as local cooling, mechanical agitation, bubble injection, electric and ultrasonic fields, mechanical shock, and cold crystallisation. Furthermore, the transition of these control techniques into physical prototypes is discussed, highlighting operational challenges and integration issues observed in heat pads, thermal batteries, battery preheating systems, and long-term thermal energy storage units. Despite substantial progress, scaling up supercooled PCM systems introduces new barriers, including premature crystallization, inconsistent triggering, and material degradation. Addressing these challenges through prototype-scale research is critical to achieving reliable, cost-effective thermal energy storage solutions utilising supercooled PCMs as controllable thermal energy storage.

Keywords. Supercooled PCMs; Controllable; Triggering; Prototype

References

Beaupere, N., Soupremanien, U., & Zalewski, L. (2018). Nucleation triggering methods in supercooled phase change materials (PCM), a review. In Thermochimica Acta (vol. 670, p. 184–201). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2018.10.009
Bien, T. (2021). Granulation Of Porous Materials with Phase Change Material (PCM). Budownictwo i Architektura, 20(3), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2780
Brief, T. (2013). IEA-ETSAP and IRENA © Technology Brief E17-Thermal Energy Storage ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAMME. www.etsap. org-www.irena.org
Brillinger, M. (2023). 3D printing of supercooled liquids: Modeling and verification on sodium acetate trihydrate. Additive Manufacturing, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103766
Chen, W., Chen, L., Li, L., Dong, C., & Zhang, L. (2023). Electrically-triggered nucleation of supercooled sodium acetate trihydrate phase change composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 456. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141131
Coccia, G., Aquilanti, A., Tomassetti, S., Muciaccia, P. F., & Di Nicola, G. (2021). Experimental analysis of nucleation triggering in a thermal energy storage based on xylitol used in a portable solar box cooker. Energies, 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185981
Dannemand, M., Johansen, J. B., Kong, W., & Furbo, S. (2016). Experimental investigations on cylindrical latent heat storage units with sodium acetate trihydrate composites utilizing supercooling. Applied Energy, 177, 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.144
Deng, M., Zhao, C., Sheng, N., Zhu, C., & Rao, Z. (2023). Improved Supercooling and Thermal Conductive Properties of Erythritol Using Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Encapsulated Porous Fiber Scaffold. Energy and Fuels, 37(20), 16131–16142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02892
Dong, C., Jia, S., Lu, F., Wu, S., & Chen, W. (2024). Experimental study on the electrically-triggered crystallization behavior of supercooled copper foam-based and expanded graphite-based sodium acetate trihydrate. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112766
Englmair, G., Moser, C., Furbo, S., Dannemand, M., & Fan, J. (2018). Design and functionality of a segmented heat-storage prototype utilizing stable supercooling of sodium acetate trihydrate in a solar heating system. Applied Energy, 221, 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.124
Feng, G., Wang, T., He, N., & Wang, G. (2022). A Review of Phase Change Materials. E3S Web of Conferences, 356. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601062
Fu, T., Wang, W., & Fang, G. (2024). Thermal properties and applications of form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage and thermal management: A review. In Energy Storage (vol. 6, Issue 1). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.533
Hou, X., Gao, Y., Xing, Y., Xu, Z., Yin, J., & Wang, S. (2023). Bubble-injection and seeding enabled crystallization of erythritol/xylitol eutectic phase change material. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103278
Hou, X., Xing, Y., Xu, Z., Du, Y., Gao, Y., Yin, J., & Wang, S. (2024). Design and experimental analysis of a cooling system with erythritol/xylitol PCM thermal energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111452
Hozumi, T., Saito, A., Okawa, S., & Matsui, T. (n.d.). Freezing phenomena of supercooled water under impacts of ultrasonic waves. www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig
Hua, W., Lv, X., Zhang, X., Ji, Z., & Zhu, J. (2023). Research progress of seasonal thermal energy storage technology based on supercooled phase change materials. In Journal of Energy Storage (vol. 67). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107378
Jha, S. K., Sankar, A., Zhou, Y., & Ghosh, A. (2024). Incorporation of Phase Change Materials in Buildings. Construction Materials, 4(4), 676–703. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4040037
Ji, J., Zhang, C., Cai, S., Zhang, X., & Tong, H. (2024). Research progress of stability and supercooling in phase change material emulsions. International Journal of Refrigeration. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.015
Kumar, S., & Banerjee, D. (n.d.). A Review on Phase Change Materials for Sustainability Applications by Leveraging Machine Learning. www.intechopen.com
Kutlu, C., Su, Y., Lyu, Q., & Riffat, S. (2023). Thermal management of using crystallization-controllable supercooled PCM in space heating applications for different heating profiles in the UK. Renewable Energy, 206, 848–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.077
Kutlu, C., Zhang, Y., Elmer, T., Su, Y., & Riffat, S. (2020). A simulation study on performance improve-ment of solar assisted heat pump hot water system by novel controllable crystallization of supercooled PCMs. Renewable Energy, 152, 601–612. https://doi.org/\url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.01 .090}
Kutlu, C., Zhang, Y., Lyu, Q., Su, Y., & Riffat, S. (2023). Direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump coupled with crystallisation-controlled supercooled PCM for shifting building electricity demand. Energy and Buildings, 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113660
Li, W., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Li, S., Zhang, X., & Zhao, J. (2024). Review of sodium acetate trihydrate as phase change material: Mechanism analysis, modification scheme and application. In Journal of Energy Storage (vol. 97). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.112923
Li, X., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Tao, P., & Deng, T. (2023). Solid-Liquid Phase Change Composite Materials for Direct Solar-Thermal Energy Harvesting and Storage. Accounts of Materials Research, 4(6), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.2c00251
Lu, F., Chen, W., Hu, S., Chen, L., Sharshir, S. W., Dong, C., & Zhang, L. (2024). Achieving a smart ther-mal management for lithium-ion batteries by electrically-controlled crystallization of supercooled calcium chloride hexahydrate solution. Applied Energy, 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123180
Piquard, L., Gagnière, E., Largiller, G., Mangin, D., & Bentivoglio, F. (2023). Triggering Xylitol crys-tallization in a 42 kWhth shell and tubes latent heat thermal energy storage system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119802
Sandnes, B. (2008). The physics and the chemistry of the heat pad. American Journal of Physics, 76(6), 546–550. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2830533
Shamseddine, I., Pennec, F., Biwole, P., & Fardoun, F. (2022). Supercooling of phase change materials: A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 158). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112172
Shao, X., Chenxu, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, N., & Yuan, Y. (2023). Mechanical agitation triggered crystalliza-tion of eutectic phase change material xylitol/erythritol with persistent supercooling for controllable heat retrieval. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112335
Shao, X. F., Wang, C., Yang, Y. J., Feng, B., Zhu, Z. Q., Wang, W. J., Zeng, Y., & Fan, L. W. (2018). Screening of sugar alcohols and their binary eutectic mixtures as phase change materials for low-to-medium temperature latent heat storage. (Ⅰ): Non-isothermal melting and crystallization behaviors. Energy, 160, 1078–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.081
Shao, X. F., Yang, S., Shi, H. Y., Fan, L. W., & Yuan, Y. P. (2023). A comprehensive evaluation on the cycling stability of sugar alcohols for medium-temperature latent heat storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107190
Song, C., Lee, J., Lim, D. D., & Choi, W. (2023). Rationally Tunable Phase Change Material Thermal Properties Enabled by Three-Dimensionally Printed Structural Materials and Carbon-Based Functional Additives. International Journal of Energy Research, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6658082
Thangavel, P., Panneerselvam, S., Hariharan, V., Deepa, D., & Manideep, B. (2023). Review on phase change materials and their applications. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2492. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0114431
Turunen, K., Mikkola, V., Laukkanen, T., & Seppälä, A. (2023). Long-term thermal energy storage prototype of cold-crystallizing erythritol-polyelectrolyte. Applied Energy, 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120530
Wang, H., & Zhou, G. (2021). Experimental investigation on discharging characteristics of supercooled CH3COONa·3H2O-Na2S2O3·5H2O mixtures triggered by local cooling with Peltier effect. Solar Energy, 217, 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.010
Wei, L., & Ohsasa, K. (2010). Supercooling and Solidification Behavior of Phase Change Material. ISIJ International, 50(9), 1265–1269. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.1265
Weiss, L., & Jha, R. (2023). Small-Scale Phase Change Materials in Low-Temperature Applications: A Review. In Energies (vol. 16, Issue 6). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062841
Xi, S., Wang, L., Xie, H., & Yu, W. (2022). Superhydrophilic Modified Elastomeric RGO Aerogel Based Hydrated Salt Phase Change Materials for Effective Solar Thermal Conversion and Storage. ACS Nano, 16(3), 3843–3851. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08581
Xiao, Q., Tang, H., Li, C., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2024). Enhancing visible light absorption of form-stable CH3COONa·3H2O composite phase change material and its application in thermoelectric power generation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123736
Xu, X., Dong, Z., Memon, S. A., Bao, X., & Cui, H. (2017). Preparation and supercooling modification of salt hydrate phase change materials based on CaCl2·2H2O/CaCl2. Materials, 10(7). https://doi.org/10 .3390/ma10070691
Yang, S., Shao, X. F., Shi, H. Y., Luo, J. H., & Fan, L. W. (2022). Bubble-injection-enabled significant reduction of supercooling and controllable triggering of crystallization of erythritol for medium-temperature thermal energy storage. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat .2021.111538
Young, S. W. (1911). MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQ-UIDS.1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 33(2), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02215a003
Zahir, M. H., Rahman, M. M., Mohaisen, K. O., Helal, A., Shaikh, M. N., & Rahman, M. M. (2022). Clarification of the Supercooling and Heat Storage Efficiency Calculation Formula for Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials. ACS Omega, 7(45), 41096–41099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04594
Zhou, G., & Xiang, Y. (2017). Experimental investigations on stable supercooling performance of sodium acetate trihydrate PCM for thermal storage. Solar Energy, 155, 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.073
Zhou, G., Zhu, M., & Xiang, Y. (2018). Effect of percussion vibration on solidification of supercooled salt hydrate PCM in thermal storage unit. Renewable Energy, 126, 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.077

Controllable Supercooling in Phase Change Materials-Advances in Triggering Methods, Lab-Scale Investigations, and Prototype Demonstrations

, , ,

¹Department of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

Published

25 July 2025

Pages

1-25

Received

25 July 2025

DOI

10.17184/eac.9501

Access

Open access, CC BY 4.0

Published 25 July 2025Pages 1-25doi.org/10.17184/eac.9501

Received 25 July 2025Open accessunder CC BY 4.0

Abstract

Keywords. Supercooled PCMs; Controllable; Triggering; Prototype

References

Beaupere, N., Soupremanien, U., & Zalewski, L. (2018). Nucleation triggering methods in supercooled phase change materials (PCM), a review. In Thermochimica Acta (vol. 670, p. 184–201). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2018.10.009
Bien, T. (2021). Granulation Of Porous Materials with Phase Change Material (PCM). Budownictwo i Architektura, 20(3), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2780
Brief, T. (2013). IEA-ETSAP and IRENA © Technology Brief E17-Thermal Energy Storage ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAMME. www.etsap. org-www.irena.org
Brillinger, M. (2023). 3D printing of supercooled liquids: Modeling and verification on sodium acetate trihydrate. Additive Manufacturing, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103766
Chen, W., Chen, L., Li, L., Dong, C., & Zhang, L. (2023). Electrically-triggered nucleation of supercooled sodium acetate trihydrate phase change composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 456. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141131
Coccia, G., Aquilanti, A., Tomassetti, S., Muciaccia, P. F., & Di Nicola, G. (2021). Experimental analysis of nucleation triggering in a thermal energy storage based on xylitol used in a portable solar box cooker. Energies, 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185981
Dannemand, M., Johansen, J. B., Kong, W., & Furbo, S. (2016). Experimental investigations on cylindrical latent heat storage units with sodium acetate trihydrate composites utilizing supercooling. Applied Energy, 177, 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.144
Deng, M., Zhao, C., Sheng, N., Zhu, C., & Rao, Z. (2023). Improved Supercooling and Thermal Conductive Properties of Erythritol Using Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Encapsulated Porous Fiber Scaffold. Energy and Fuels, 37(20), 16131–16142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02892
Dong, C., Jia, S., Lu, F., Wu, S., & Chen, W. (2024). Experimental study on the electrically-triggered crystallization behavior of supercooled copper foam-based and expanded graphite-based sodium acetate trihydrate. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112766
Englmair, G., Moser, C., Furbo, S., Dannemand, M., & Fan, J. (2018). Design and functionality of a segmented heat-storage prototype utilizing stable supercooling of sodium acetate trihydrate in a solar heating system. Applied Energy, 221, 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.124
Feng, G., Wang, T., He, N., & Wang, G. (2022). A Review of Phase Change Materials. E3S Web of Conferences, 356. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601062
Fu, T., Wang, W., & Fang, G. (2024). Thermal properties and applications of form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage and thermal management: A review. In Energy Storage (vol. 6, Issue 1). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.533
Hou, X., Gao, Y., Xing, Y., Xu, Z., Yin, J., & Wang, S. (2023). Bubble-injection and seeding enabled crystallization of erythritol/xylitol eutectic phase change material. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103278
Hou, X., Xing, Y., Xu, Z., Du, Y., Gao, Y., Yin, J., & Wang, S. (2024). Design and experimental analysis of a cooling system with erythritol/xylitol PCM thermal energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111452
Hozumi, T., Saito, A., Okawa, S., & Matsui, T. (n.d.). Freezing phenomena of supercooled water under impacts of ultrasonic waves. www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig
Hua, W., Lv, X., Zhang, X., Ji, Z., & Zhu, J. (2023). Research progress of seasonal thermal energy storage technology based on supercooled phase change materials. In Journal of Energy Storage (vol. 67). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107378
Jha, S. K., Sankar, A., Zhou, Y., & Ghosh, A. (2024). Incorporation of Phase Change Materials in Buildings. Construction Materials, 4(4), 676–703. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4040037
Ji, J., Zhang, C., Cai, S., Zhang, X., & Tong, H. (2024). Research progress of stability and supercooling in phase change material emulsions. International Journal of Refrigeration. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.015
Kumar, S., & Banerjee, D. (n.d.). A Review on Phase Change Materials for Sustainability Applications by Leveraging Machine Learning. www.intechopen.com
Kutlu, C., Su, Y., Lyu, Q., & Riffat, S. (2023). Thermal management of using crystallization-controllable supercooled PCM in space heating applications for different heating profiles in the UK. Renewable Energy, 206, 848–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.077
Kutlu, C., Zhang, Y., Elmer, T., Su, Y., & Riffat, S. (2020). A simulation study on performance improve-ment of solar assisted heat pump hot water system by novel controllable crystallization of supercooled PCMs. Renewable Energy, 152, 601–612. https://doi.org/\url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.01 .090}
Kutlu, C., Zhang, Y., Lyu, Q., Su, Y., & Riffat, S. (2023). Direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump coupled with crystallisation-controlled supercooled PCM for shifting building electricity demand. Energy and Buildings, 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113660
Li, W., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Li, S., Zhang, X., & Zhao, J. (2024). Review of sodium acetate trihydrate as phase change material: Mechanism analysis, modification scheme and application. In Journal of Energy Storage (vol. 97). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.112923
Li, X., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Tao, P., & Deng, T. (2023). Solid-Liquid Phase Change Composite Materials for Direct Solar-Thermal Energy Harvesting and Storage. Accounts of Materials Research, 4(6), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.2c00251
Lu, F., Chen, W., Hu, S., Chen, L., Sharshir, S. W., Dong, C., & Zhang, L. (2024). Achieving a smart ther-mal management for lithium-ion batteries by electrically-controlled crystallization of supercooled calcium chloride hexahydrate solution. Applied Energy, 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123180
Piquard, L., Gagnière, E., Largiller, G., Mangin, D., & Bentivoglio, F. (2023). Triggering Xylitol crys-tallization in a 42 kWhth shell and tubes latent heat thermal energy storage system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119802
Sandnes, B. (2008). The physics and the chemistry of the heat pad. American Journal of Physics, 76(6), 546–550. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2830533
Shamseddine, I., Pennec, F., Biwole, P., & Fardoun, F. (2022). Supercooling of phase change materials: A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 158). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112172
Shao, X., Chenxu, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, N., & Yuan, Y. (2023). Mechanical agitation triggered crystalliza-tion of eutectic phase change material xylitol/erythritol with persistent supercooling for controllable heat retrieval. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112335
Shao, X. F., Wang, C., Yang, Y. J., Feng, B., Zhu, Z. Q., Wang, W. J., Zeng, Y., & Fan, L. W. (2018). Screening of sugar alcohols and their binary eutectic mixtures as phase change materials for low-to-medium temperature latent heat storage. (Ⅰ): Non-isothermal melting and crystallization behaviors. Energy, 160, 1078–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.081
Shao, X. F., Yang, S., Shi, H. Y., Fan, L. W., & Yuan, Y. P. (2023). A comprehensive evaluation on the cycling stability of sugar alcohols for medium-temperature latent heat storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107190
Song, C., Lee, J., Lim, D. D., & Choi, W. (2023). Rationally Tunable Phase Change Material Thermal Properties Enabled by Three-Dimensionally Printed Structural Materials and Carbon-Based Functional Additives. International Journal of Energy Research, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6658082
Thangavel, P., Panneerselvam, S., Hariharan, V., Deepa, D., & Manideep, B. (2023). Review on phase change materials and their applications. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2492. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0114431
Turunen, K., Mikkola, V., Laukkanen, T., & Seppälä, A. (2023). Long-term thermal energy storage prototype of cold-crystallizing erythritol-polyelectrolyte. Applied Energy, 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120530
Wang, H., & Zhou, G. (2021). Experimental investigation on discharging characteristics of supercooled CH3COONa·3H2O-Na2S2O3·5H2O mixtures triggered by local cooling with Peltier effect. Solar Energy, 217, 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.010
Wei, L., & Ohsasa, K. (2010). Supercooling and Solidification Behavior of Phase Change Material. ISIJ International, 50(9), 1265–1269. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.1265
Weiss, L., & Jha, R. (2023). Small-Scale Phase Change Materials in Low-Temperature Applications: A Review. In Energies (vol. 16, Issue 6). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062841
Xi, S., Wang, L., Xie, H., & Yu, W. (2022). Superhydrophilic Modified Elastomeric RGO Aerogel Based Hydrated Salt Phase Change Materials for Effective Solar Thermal Conversion and Storage. ACS Nano, 16(3), 3843–3851. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08581
Xiao, Q., Tang, H., Li, C., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2024). Enhancing visible light absorption of form-stable CH3COONa·3H2O composite phase change material and its application in thermoelectric power generation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123736
Xu, X., Dong, Z., Memon, S. A., Bao, X., & Cui, H. (2017). Preparation and supercooling modification of salt hydrate phase change materials based on CaCl2·2H2O/CaCl2. Materials, 10(7). https://doi.org/10 .3390/ma10070691
Yang, S., Shao, X. F., Shi, H. Y., Luo, J. H., & Fan, L. W. (2022). Bubble-injection-enabled significant reduction of supercooling and controllable triggering of crystallization of erythritol for medium-temperature thermal energy storage. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat .2021.111538
Young, S. W. (1911). MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQ-UIDS.1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 33(2), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02215a003
Zahir, M. H., Rahman, M. M., Mohaisen, K. O., Helal, A., Shaikh, M. N., & Rahman, M. M. (2022). Clarification of the Supercooling and Heat Storage Efficiency Calculation Formula for Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials. ACS Omega, 7(45), 41096–41099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04594
Zhou, G., & Xiang, Y. (2017). Experimental investigations on stable supercooling performance of sodium acetate trihydrate PCM for thermal storage. Solar Energy, 155, 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.073
Zhou, G., Zhu, M., & Xiang, Y. (2018). Effect of percussion vibration on solidification of supercooled salt hydrate PCM in thermal storage unit. Renewable Energy, 126, 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.077

Controllable Supercooling in Phase Change Materials-Advances in Triggering Methods, Lab-Scale Investigations, and Prototype Demonstrations

Abstract

References

How to cite this article

Controllable Supercooling in Phase Change Materials-Advances in Triggering Methods, Lab-Scale Investigations, and Prototype Demonstrations

Abstract

References

How to cite this article